The book covers casing design considerations, loads on the casing, i.e. pressure, mechanical factor, and temperature factor. Pressure loads are evoked by fluids in the casing, cement, fluids outside the casing, pressure evoked by drilling and workover operations, and also pressure exerted by productive formations when drilling and production works are ongoing. The cementing technique and technology are described as an important part of wellbore sealing. From the mud system, the pumps and the engines that power them are shown as well as the circulation system, drilling fluids components, and technology. Important part is well logging, which lies in measuring changes of physical parameters of various geologic formations as a function of depth in wells that are passing through these strata. Among the parameters considered are the resistivity, natural or artificial radioactivity of the medium, elastic wave propagation velocity, and also geometrical parameters of the well.
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1. Casing Special Problems 5
1.1. Casing Loads 5
1.2. Specific Considerations on Casing Design 8
1.3. Technical Aspects of Casing Design 11
2. Technology of Cementing Casing Pipes 13
2.1. Requirements for Sealing Slurries Used in Drilling Industry 14
2.2. Binders Used for the Production of Sealing Slurries 16
2.2.1. Common Use Cements 16
2.3. Additives and Admixtures Modifying Technological Properties of Sealing Slurries 23
2.4. Measurement of Technological Parameters of Fresh and Hardened Slurries 25
2.5. Methods of Cementing Casing Pipes 30
2.6. Calculation Algorithm of One-stage Casing Pipes Cementing 36
3. Drilling Fluids 44
3.1. Mud Circulating Systems and Solids Removal 44
3.1.1. Mud Circulating System in Drilling 44
3.1.2. Mud Circulating System in Oil and Gas Wells 45
3.2. Drilling Fluid Functions 46
3.3. Drilling Fluids Classifications 49
3.4. Drilling Fluids Properties and Tests 52
3.4.1. Properties of Drilling Fluids 52
3.4.2. Diagnostic Tests 53
3.5. Drilling Fluids Selection Criteria 53
3.6. Drilling Fluids Components 54
3.6.1. Drilling Fluid Bentonites 54
3.6.2. Attapulgus Clays (Attapulgite, Polygorskite) 56
3.6.3. Polymers: Chemistry and Application in Drilling Fluids 57
3.6.4. Natural Polymers and Derivatives of Natural Polymers 62
3.6.5. Polymers with Molecular Weight 500–10 000 g/mol – Oligomers 64
3.6.6. Synthetic Water-Dispersable Polymers 65
3.6.7. Surfactants 67
3.6.8. Common Inorganic Chemicals Used in Drilling Fluids 71
3.6.9. Materials to Increase Density 73
3.7. Water-Based Drilling Fluids 76
3.7.1. Non-Inhibitive Fluids 76
3.7.2. Inhibitive Fluids 77
3.7.3. Polymer Fluids 78
3.7.4. High-Temperature Polymer Muds 79
3.7.5. Drilling Fluids for Drilling in Shale Formations 81
4. Selected aspects of well logging measurements 92
4.1. Introduction 92
4.2. Electrical Logging 94
4.2.1. General 94
4.2.2. Classic Electrical Logging 98
4.2.3. Classic Microresistivity (MR) 101
4.2.4. Induction Logging (IL) 102
4.2.5. Laterolog (LL) 104
4.2.6. Microlaterolog (MLL) 108
4.3. Nuclear Logging 109
4.3.1. Gamma Ray 109
4.3.2. Density Logging (DL) 112
4.3.3. Neutron Logging 113
4.4. Sonic Logging (SL) 117