The monograph Selected Sustainable of Modern Engineering can be considered as a result of a fruitful scientific debate conducted during the VIII Krakow Conference of Young Scientists. The volume just presented to the reader consists of six papers written by 9 authors affiliated with universities, research institutions and enterprises located in Krakow, Poland. It includes a wide range of ideas, concepts, solutions and perspectives. The results included are related to the scientific projects conducted by young researchers in different fields of science.
The volume is opened with a chapter by Tadeusz Olkuski. The author presented the state of the resource base of energy sources and mining units in Poland. The share of individual energy sources in electricity production in Poland in 2012 and plans for new investments in the energy sector for the coming years have been shown. Hard coal, lignite, gas and renewable energy sources sectors have been analyzed. Both the current state and development perspectives have been analyzed. Attention was paid to the need to develop different ways of energy production, in order to enable the most environmentally friendly and sustainable production in the future.
In the second chapter Roman Warchoł presents development of the legal environment in Poland, which is indispensable to create a liberalised energy market. The Third Party Access rule (TPA), considered to be the main criterion for assessing the progress of liberalisation in the electricity market, is analysed on the basis of developments in the electricity market. One can say: the more entities apply TPA, the more competitive is the market. The paper shows how long the process takes to adjust the electricity market in Poland to the requirements of EU regulations, as well as what more should be done to fully liberalise the energy market.
In the next chapter by Michał Kopacz and Dominik Kryzia an original approach to the valuation of operational flexibility and value assessment of gas power generation technologies (CCGT) is presented. The method combines elements of real options and discount method as well as Monte Carlo simulation. Flexibility, resulting from the dynamic (optional) switching on and off gas blocks in the process of electricity generation, increases the economic efficiency of the entire production process. The flexibility was defined as an option to dynamically turn on and off the gas units. The switching is a combination of two options – turning on and off the production. For this purpose, the operational flexibility measurement model, taking into account the Monte Carlo simulation, which is discussed later in the article, has been made. The obtained results of the analysis indicate the existence of “added value”, resulting from taking into account the option that has a significant impact on the valuation and development of the risk profile of the entire project investment.
Mateusz Jakubiak and Małgorzata Śliwka devoted their paper to biological monitoring and its utilisation for environment assessment on the basis of the living organisms responses. This is the most important feature that distinguishes biological monitoring from the chemical methods. Biological monitoring provides information on the effects of pollutants on living organisms, chemical changes occurring in organisms, the bioaccumulation, synergistic and antagonistic effects of toxins in organisms as well as in trophic chains. The chapter presents modern methods of biological monitoring used in the assessment of environmental pollution – mainly of anthropogenic origin. The analysis presented in the article shows examples of methods for monitoring the characteristic components of the environment: air, water, soil and biodiversity.
The importance of sustainable transport and sustainable urban transport is presented by Katarzyna Gdowska and Roger Książek from perspectives of both European and regional developmental policies. Here is also mentioned the role that public transport system plays in a sustainable and smart city. Then the PT timetabling problem is analysed in terms of its being a result derived from the set of the PT network’s specific features, amongst which ones of the highest significance are those referred to synchronization required in a given PT system. In this paper the review of main approaches and methods developed for PT timetabling problem is presented. The paper is concluded with remarks on possible further directions of research on timetabling problem that can be conducted in the domains of both transportation science and operations research.
- Contents
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Preface 7
Analysis of the current state of the resource base of primary energy sources and the potential of renewable energy sources for the Polish energy sector 9 Tadeusz Olkuski Abstract 9
1. Introduction 9
2. Hard coal 11
3. Lignite 14
4. Natural gas 16
5. Renewable energy sources 19
6. Conclusion 21
References 22Third Party Access right as a key element of the liberalisation of the electricity market in Poland – past experience and present challenges 25
Roman Warchoł Abstract 25
1. Introduction 25
2. Elements of the liberalisation of electricity markets 26
3. Developments in the legal environment 27
3.1. Directive 96/92/EC – beginnings of the liberalisation of the electricity market in Poland 27
3.2. Directive 2003/54/EC – intensification of the liberalisation processes in electricity markets 29
3.3. Directive 2009/72/EC and supplier switching procedure pursuant to IRiESD – the Grid Code 31
4. Summary 36
References 36The level of competition on the global oil market 39
Dominik Kryzia, Michał Kopacz, Katarzyna Kryzia Abstract 39
1. Introduction 40
2. Measures of concentration 41
2.1. The concentration ratio CR 42
2.2. The measure of the number of entities with a certain minimum market share 42
2.3. The Herfindahl–Hirschman index 42
2.4. The Gini coefficient 43
2.5. The entropy measure 43
2.6. The Shannon–Wiener index 44
3. The obtained results 44
3.1. Resources 44
3.2. Production 46
3.3. Exports 48
3.4. Imports 49
3.5. Consumption 50
4. Conclusions 51
References 52Application of biological monitoring assessment of the ecological status of degraded areas 53
Małgorzata Śliwka, Mateusz Jakubiak
Abstract 53
1. Introduction 53
2. Biological methods for the assessment of air quality 55
3. Biological methods of water quality assessment 59
4. Biological methods for assessing the toxicity of bottom sediments and soils 61
5. Biodiversity – an important indicator of the environment state 63
6. Conclusions 65
References 66Development of architecture in the context of sustainable development 69
Iwona Piebiak
Abstract 69
1. Introduction 69
2. “Building culture” in the context of sustainable development 70
3. Sustainable architecture 73
3.1. Sustainable architecture – definition 73
3.2. Architectural styles in sustainable architecture 74
3.3. Building materials and technologies 75
3.4. Environmental context. Building site surroundings 76
3.5. The functional layout. The interior of the building 76
3.6. The body of the building 77
4. Sustainable architecture in practice. Example analysis in terms of greenway solutions 77
4.1. Polish Aviation Museum, Cracow 77
4.2. Quattro Business Park, Cracow 79
5. Conclusions 81
References 82Urban transit network timetabling problem in terms of sustainable urban transportation 85
Katarzyna Zofia Gdowska, Roger Książek
Abstract 85
1. Introduction 86
2. Sustainable urban transport policy 87
3. City public transport system and its role in a sustainable city 90
4. Public transport system timetabling problem as a significant aspect of urban sustainable transportation planning 91
5. Transfer synchronization 94
6. Concluding remarks 95
References 96
