This book is intended for use as a textbook in the first course in fluid mechanics for students of various engineering specialties, such as mechanical, civil, biomedical, mining, petrochemical and others. The author also hopes that it will become a reference book for practicing engineers.
The presented text assumes that students have an adequate background in calculus, physics and engineering mechanics. The main objectives are to cover basic principles of fluid mechanics but also to present numerous real-world engineering examples to give students a feel of how fluid mechanics is applied in engineering practice. The author wants the reader to develop an intuitive understanding of fluid mechanics by emphasizing basic physics and showing how most of the formulas can be derived from Newton's laws of motion.
The book is divided into two volumes. Volume One presents the basic principles and shows the relations of all fluid mechanics concepts to three basic conservations laws: conservation of mass, energy and momentum. Specifically, volume one includes discussion of hydrostatics, fluid kinematics, Bernoulli Equation, analysis of linear and angular momentum and Navier-Stokes equation. Volume Two concentrates on practical applications and includes a detailed presentation of flow in pipes with many engineering examples, then flow over bodies, turbomachinery and methods of flow measurements. In order to show also how modern tools are used in engineering practice, we included chapters on two-phase flow and introduction to CFD (computational fluid dynamics).
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Preface 5
Acknowledgements 7
1. Introduction and Basic Terminology 9
1.1. Introduction 9
1.2. Methodology of Fluid Mechanics 10
1.3. The No-Slip Condition 13
1.4. Classification of Fluid Flows 14
1.5. Flow Instability 23
1.6. Other Helpful Terminology 25
2. Properties of Fluids 27
2.1. Definition of Property 27
2.2. Common Properties of Fluids 27
2.3. Viscosity 30
2.4. Surface Tension and Capillary Effect 42
3. Hydrostatics 51
3.1. Pressure 51
3.2. Pressure Measurement 59
3.3. Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Plane Surfaces 66
3.4. Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Curved Surfaces 75
3.5. Archimedes Principle – Buoyancy 79
3.6. Stability of Floating Bodies 83
4. Fluid Kinematics 86
4.1. Lagrangian and Eulerian Description of Fluid Flow 86
4.2. Reynolds Transport Theorem 90
4.3. Velocity Field and Acceleration Field 95
4.4. Material Derivative 96
4.5. Flow Visualization 101
4.6. Vorticity and Rotationality 111
4.7. Kinematics of Selected Types of Flow 113
5. Mass Conservation Principle 119
5.1. The Integral Form of Mass Conservation 120
5.2. The Differential Form of Mass Conservation – the Continuity Equation 127
5.3. The Stream Function 135
6. Energy Conservation – Bernoulli Equation 148
6.1. Derivation of Bernoulli Equation 148
6.2. Applications of Bernoulli Equation 158
6.3. Bernoulli Equation in Meteorology and Oceanography 164
6.4. Conservation of Mechanical Energy 166
7. Conservation of Linear and Angular Momentum 175
7.1. Conservation of Momentum for a System (Lagrangian Approach) 175
7.2. The Linear Momentum Equation for a Control Volume (Eulerian Approach) 178
7.3. The Angular Momentum Equation 189
8. The Navier–Stokes Equation 200
8.1. The Derivation Methodology for the Navier–Stokes Equation 200
8.2. Simplification of the Navier–Stokes Equation for Specific Cases 203
8.3. Application of the Navier–Stokes Equation to Calculate Pressure Field 204
8.4. Exact Solutions of the Navier–Stokes Equation 206
8.5. Approximate Solutions of the Navier–Stokes Equation 220
8.6. Summary of Navier–Stokes Equation Approximations 243
Bibliography 245