The following paper presents the results of study on Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian)-Lower Cretaceous (Lower Berriasian) sediments in the southwestern part of the Crimean Mts. (Yalta and Ay-Petri massifs, southern Ukraine). This is the first study in this region based upon microfacies analysis. In both the Yalta and the Ay-Petri massifs 16 sequences in total were examined and sampled for the purposes of microfacies analysis, and identification of depositional environments.
The studied sediments represent the Kimmeridgian, Tithonian and the Lower Berriasian. The presence of Oxfordian sediments mentioned in the literature has not been confirmed. In the studied sequences several facies varieties were recorded, representing three main stages of the Crimean carbonate platform: (i) platform slope (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), (ii) platform margin reefs, ooidal shoals and internal platform facies (Tithonian), and (iii) open/restricted internal platform (Tithonian-Lower Berriasian). The sequences are dominated by sediments deposited in shallow subtidal environments. Moreover, numerous depositional gaps are observed along with erosional episodes and beds of siliciclastic deposits composed of material supplied from the adjacent land. In the Ay-Petri Massif depositional environments evolved into a vast platform-margin reef complex built mostly by sponges, algae, corals, microbialites and microencrusters. Ooidal-bioclastic shoals were common. The Yalta Massif is dominated by the internal platform sediments developed mostly as pelitic oncoidal facies.
In the following chapters the author discusses development, stratigraphy and interpretation of studied sediments, in reference to the older, traditional concepts and in relation to the recent developments. The influence of tectonics on currently observed facies distribution is analysed together with the relation of the Yalta and the Ay-Petri carbonate massifs to their basement. Furthermore, some selected aspects of the existence of coral reefs in the study area and of the role of microencrusters as important reef-builders are discussed. Finally, the remarks are presented on the problems of reef complexes in both the Crimean and the Caucasus Mts.
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Summary 7
Streszczenie 8
1. Introduction 9
2. Geological setting 11
3. Outline of the research history of the study area 15
4. Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous deposits of the southern part of the Yalta and Ay-Petri massifs 21
4.1. Regional lithostratigraphic horizons 21
4.1.1. General remarks 21
4.1.2. Outline of the classic lithostratigraphy of the Yalta and the Ay-Petri massifs 22
4.2. Methods 24
4.3. General lithostratigraphic characteristic of the Yalta and the Ay-Petri massifs 32
4.3.1. The KJ section (Yalta Massif, Iograf Ridge, Kimmeridgian-Tithonian-Lower Berriasian, bedded limestones) 32
4.3.2. The KK section (Yalta Massif, Plateau, Tithonian-Lower Berriasian, bedded limestones) 62
4.3.3. The KM section (Yalta Massif, Tithonian-Lower Berriasian, bedded limestones) 68
4.3.4. The KN section (Yalta Massif, Tithonian-Lower Berriasian, bedded limestones) 76
4.3.5. The KL section (Yalta Massif, Plateau, Tithonian-Lower Berriasian, bedded limestones) 82
4.3.6. The KP section (Yalta Massif, Taraktysh Rocks, Tithonian, thin-bedded facies) 88
4.3.7. The KO section (Yalta Massif, Taraktysh Rocks, Upper Tithonian-Berriasian, thin bedded and nodular limestones) 92
4.3.8. The KS section (Ay-Petri Massif, Yalta-Bakchysaray road, Tithonian, bedded limestones) 102
4.3.9. The KB section (Ay-Petri Massif, Ay-Petri Mountain, Kimmeridgian-Tithonian-Lower Berriasian, massive limestones) 108
4.3.10. The KA section (Ay-Petri Massif, Ay-Petri Mountain, Tithonian-Lower Berriasian, massive limestones) 116
4.3.11. The KR section (Ay-Petri Massif, Ay-Petri Mountain, Tithonian, massive-bedded limestones) 158
4.3.12. The KC section (Ay-Petri Massif, Ay-Petri Mountain, Kimmeridgian-Tithonian-Lower Berriasian, massive-bedded limestones) 164
4.3.13. The KE section (Ay-Petri Massif, Tithonian-Lower Berriasian, bedded limestones) 182
4.3.14. The KF section (Ay-Petri Massif, Tithonian-Lower Berriasian, bedded limestones) 190
4.3.15. The KD section (Ay-Petri Massif, Plateau, Upper Tithonian-Lower Berriasian, bedded limestones) 196
4.3.16. The KG section (Ay-Petri Massif, At-Bash Mountain, Tithonian, bedded and massive limestones) 202
4.4. Facies development of the Yalta and the Ay-Petri massifs 214
4.4.1. Remarks on the tectonics disturbing the recent facies pattern 214
4.4.2. Facies 216
4.4.3. Facies relationships among the sequences 219
4.4.4. Development of deposition on carbonate platform of the Crimean Mts. in the areas of the Yalta and the Ay-Petri massifs 222
4.5. Selected aspects of development and evolution of carbonate platform deposition in the Crimean Mts 226
4.5.1. General remarks 226
4.5.2. Stratigraphic problems of the Yalta and the Ay-Petri massifs 227
4.5.3. Remarks on the structure of reefs – examples from the Ay-Petri reef complex 228
4.5.4. The role of selected microencrusters as important reef-builders 232
4.5.5. Remarks on the reefs complexes from the Crimean Peninsula and the Caucasus Mts 240
5. Final conclusions 244
References 247