This publication was created as a didactic material used in “Drilling Fluids Course” for Postgraduate Students. Material that I collected in this publication was mostly based on my own researches and studies as well as foreign literature connected with this topic. While working on this publication I benefited from SPE Papers and SPE Monographs, Amoco Drilling Fluids Manual, M-I Drilling Fluids Engineering Manual.
This textbook deals with following topics:
- the description of drilling fluids functions and classifications,
- drilling fluids properties; testing equipment and testing procedures,
- characteristics components used in water-based drilling fluids,
- characteristics of water-based drilling fluids,
- drilling fluid preparation treatment and solids control.
Publikacja powstała jako materiał dydaktyczny wykorzystywany na kursie płynów wiertniczych dla słuchaczy studiów podyplomowych. Materiał, który zebrany w publikacji został w większości oparty na własnych badaniach autorki i studiach oraz literaturze zagranicznej związanej z tą tematyką. W trakcie pracy nad tą publikacją autorka korzystała z SPE Papers i SPE Monographs, Amoco Drilling Fluids Manual, M-I Drilling Fluids Engineering Manual.
W podręczniku tym poruszono następujące tematy:
- opis funkcji i klasyfikacji płynów wiertniczych,
- właściwości płynów wiertniczych; urządzenia badawcze i procedury badawcze,
- charakterystyka składników stosowanych w wodnych płuczkach wiertniczych,
- charakterystyka płynów wiertniczych na bazie wody,
- obróbka przygotowawcza płuczki wiertniczej i kontrola ciał stałych.
- Contents
-
Preface 9
Introduction 11
1. Mud Circulating Systems and Solids Removal 13
1.1. Mud Circulating System in Geotechnical Drilling 13
1.2. Mud Circulating System in Oil and Gas Wells 14
2. Drilling Fluid Functions 16
3. Drilling Fluids Classifications 20
4. Drilling Fluids Properties, Testing Equipment and Testing Procedures 23
4.1. Properties of Drilling Fluids 23
4.2. Diagnostic Tests 24
4.3. Testing Equipment and Testing Procedures 24
4.3.1. Mud Density (Mud Weight) 24
4.3.2. Marsh Funnel Viscosity 26
4.3.3. Rheological Properties 26
4.3.3.1. Measurement of Plastic Viscosity (PV), Apparent Viscosity (AV), Yield Point (YP) and Gel Strength 27
4.3.4. Filtration Tests 31
4.3.4.1. Low-Temperature/Low-Pressure Filtration – API Filter Press 31
4.3.4.2. High-Temperature/High-Pressure Filtration – HTHP Filter Press 33
4.3.5. Water, Oil and Solids Content – Retort 35
4.3.6. Sand Content 39
4.3.7. Estimation of Gel Strength by Shearometer 40
4.3.8. pH Estimation 41
4.4. Chemical Analysis 42
4.4.1. Methylene Blue Capacity 42
4.4.2. Alkalinity and Lime Content 44
4.4.3. Mud Alkalinity (PM) 45
4.4.4. Filtrate Alkalinity PF and MF 45
4.4.5. Lime Content 46
4.4.6. Chloride 46
4.4.7. Total Hardness 49
4.4.8. Calcium and Magnesium 50
4.4.9. Sulfide 51
4.4.10. Carbonate/Bicarbonate 54
4.4.11. Potassium Ions Concentration 56
4.4.12. Estimation of Partially Hydrolized Polyacrylamide (PHPA) Concentration 59
5. Drilling Fluids Selection Criteria 63
6. Drilling Fluids Components 65
6.1. Clay Minerals. Bentonite 65
6.1.1. Preparation and Physico-Chemical Phenomena in Bentonite Suspension 70
6.1.2. Drilling Fluid Bentonites 73
6.1.3. Attapulgus Clays (Attapulgite, Polygorskite) 75
6.2. Polymers. Chemistry and Application in Drilling Fluids 76
6.2.1. Natural Polymers and Derivatives of Natural Polymers 82
6.2.2. Polymers with Molecular Weight 500–10,000 g/mol – Oligomers 86
6.2.3. Synthetic Water-Dispersable Polymers 89
6.2.4. Surfactants 92
6.3. Common Inorganic Chemicals Used in Drilling Fluids 97
6.3.1. Materials to Increase Density 99
7. Water-Based Drilling Fluids 103
7.1. Non-Inhibitive Fluids 103
7.1.1. Clear Water 103
7.1.2. Native Muds 104
7.1.3. Bentonite-Water Muds 104
7.1.4. Lignite/Lignosulfonate Muds 104
7.2. Inhibitive Fluids 106
7.2.1. Calcium-Based Muds 106
7.2.2. Salt-Based Muds 111
7.2.3. Potassium-Based Muds 115
7.3. Polymer Fluids 120
7.3.1. Non-Dispersed Polymer Muds 120
7.3.2. Bentonite Polymer Fluids for Horizontal Directional Drilling 121
7.3.3. Guar Gum Muds for Hydrogeological Wells 124
7.4. High-Temperature Polymer Muds 124
7.5. Drilling Fluids for Drilling in Shale Formations 132
7.5.1. Shale Instability 132
7.5.2. Shale Instability Prevention and Shale Stabilization Mechanisms 133
7.5.3. Potassium-Polymer Drilling Fluid 138
7.5.4. Glycol-Potassium Mud 140
7.5.5. Silicate Drilling Fluid 142
7.5.6. Mixed-Metal Hydroxide Drilling Fluids 146
8. Formation Damage and Damage Protection Procedure 148
8.1. Mechanism of Formation Damage 151
8.2. Protection of Reservoir Rocks 158
9. Criteria for Selection and Properties of Completion and Workover Fluids 159
9.1. Types of Completion/Workover Fluids 159
9.1.1. Solids-Free Brine System 160
9.1.2. Solids-Laden Completion Fluids 163
9.1.3. Formate Brines for Drilling and Completion 169
10. Drilling Fluid Preparation and Treatment 173
11. Solids Control 176
11.1. Characteristic of Solids 176
11.2. Methods of Solids Control 180
11.3. Solids Control Equipment 184
11.4. Chemical Methods of Solids Control with Using the Flocculation Station 193
12. Convertion of Units 195
Bibliography 204
